The exact reasons for the high co-occurrence of ADHD and depression are under researched. Several influential factors and studies are believed to contribute:
Genetic link: there is some evidence about the “genetic liability for ADHD is associated with both depression diagnosis and symptoms”. Individuals with a family history of either condition may be at a higher risk of developing the other.
Shared Brain Chemicals: Both ADHD and depression are thought to be associated with imbalances in brain chemicals like dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.
Dopamine, also known as “the happy hormone” plays an important role in motivation, focus, and reward processing. Serotonin may help in mood regulation, and behavioural control of hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD.
Difficulties with Emotional Regulation: Individuals with ADHD can struggle to manage emotions, frustrations or impulsivity. These challenges can lead to feelings of low confidence, low energy, stress, continuous low mood which are all core symptoms of depression.
Impact on Daily Life: The core symptoms of ADHD, such as inattention, disorganisation, and impulsivity, can impact the individual at work, or at home in their relationship. Missing deadlines, underachieving at work or at university can lead to feelings of sadness, disappointment and ultimately clinical depression.
Symptoms of depression can manifest differently in adults with ADHD compared to those without the condition:
Exacerbation of Existing ADHD Symptoms: Depression can worsen existing ADHD symptoms, making it even more difficult to maintain focus, stay organised, and complete tasks. Increased forgetfulness, and difficulty following different commitments can be mistaken for ADHD symptoms, adding further challenge in making a diagnosis.
Substance Abuse: Individuals with co-occurring ADHD and depression may turn to self medication with substances like alcohol or drugs. There is a strong link between the higher risk of substance misuse. In some cases ADHD and alcoholism tend to run in families.
Loss of Interest and Motivation: can be symptoms of both ADHD and depression, the underlying reasons may differ. In depression, the loss of interest is often accompanied by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure).
Changes in Sleep and Appetite: Both ADHD and depression can affect sleep patterns and eating patterns. However, in depression, these changes are often accompanied by a sense of guilt or worry about weight gain. In typical depression there may be present a common phenomenon of early morning awakening.
Increased Brain Fog and Difficulty Concentrating: can be common symptoms of both ADHD and depression. However, in depression, these symptoms often have a starting point. The lack of energy and motivation is more severe compared with the struggles with focus associated with ADHD.
Reduced Quality of Life: Both conditions if left untreated, with time can significantly impact various aspects of life, including: work, relationships, education, and overall sense of well-being.
Continuity of care is a fundamental principle in effectively managing depression in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Seeing the same professional who diagnosed your ADHD can offer significant benefits when managing a new depressive episode:
We are accepting new patients with a minimum of 2 hour assessment, regardless if they already had an ADHD diagnosis. This approach helps understanding beyond the typical inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. Differentiating between what symptoms may be linked to a biological depressive disorder, ADHD or other undiagnosed condition.
Sometimes the ADHD specialist may start with adjusting the ADHD treatment, or in some situations addressing the depression may take priority. While in some cases tackling both conditions at the same time may be the preferred approach.
A personalised treatment plan can include:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression are both common mental health conditions which can co-exist and have a significant impact in an individual's life. Compared with a neurotypical person, individuals affected by ADHD can be up to six times more likely to also have depression.
ADHD is a serious condition which may increase the risk of lifetime suicide attempt. Recent studies suggest that one in four women with ADHD may have an attempted event.
Please note: ADHD Specialist is not an emergency service. If you are experiencing a mental health crisis or require immediate medical attention, please contact 999 or attend your nearest A&E department.
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